Rap Music And Its Influence On Hip Hop Music - 1885 Words

The 1980s is known for wearing tie-dye, the start of global warming, and classic movies like the Goonies. But also developed throughout this decade was one of the most influential and popular music genres for many years to come: hip-hop. Hip-hop, or â€Å"rap† music, is a form of RB, with rhythmic lyrics over stronger, faster, and bass booming beats. Like rock and roll, hip-hop music was born and established throughout the African-American culture. While white fans and supporters were not completely out of sight, hip-hop music aimed to attract the black culture early on. It wasn’t until the Beastie Boys that rap music was being delivered by a white group of men. Since the mid-1980s, rap music has been widely spread out to people of all ages, genders, backgrounds, and social groups. Hip-hop music has always been a popular form of debate because of its more than popular topic choices: drugs, women, and violence. Throughout the growth of hip-hop music, the growth of those against the content has also risen. While supporters argue that it is a voice for a voiceless, and a way to connect people of all types, some argue that the lyrics are too aggressive, and promote listeners to act in violent ways. Today, in 2015, hip-hop music is arguably the most popular genre of music, but the debate of the effect of its messages has also continued to grow. By evaluating the history and growth of hip-hop music, this paper aims to demonstrate that hip-hop music has a generally positive effect onShow MoreRelatedRap Music And Hip Hop Culture1097 Words   |  5 PagesRap music has been around for many decades. Rap/hip hop is a  music genre that consists of a stylized  rhythmic music that usually accompanies rapping. Since rap music’s explosion, it took the industry and became the  important part of hip hop culture. It has advanced over time as a part of hip hop culture, which originated from urban youth in New York as a cultural movement. Its original lis teners were primarily African America and it has spread around the world and hip hop has come to be a part forRead MoreRap Music : Influence On Violent Behavior1379 Words   |  6 PagesRAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Kaland Farrow Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University  RAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Rap music is derived from Hip Hop culture which is deeply rooted in the African American community. The word, rap, has a Middle English origin. Originally, rap means to beat or strike. Beginning in the 1960s, African Americans gave the word another definition. In the black communityRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal of Women in Hip Hop and Rap Music Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbeat-boxer in rap music today, has been quoted saying, â€Å"Hip-hop is supposed to uplift and create, to educate people on a larger level and to make a change.† Although this is the original intention of hip-hop music, public opinion currently holds the opposite view. Since the 1970’s musical artists have changed the face of hip-hop and rap and worldwide, people – mostly teens—have been striving to emulate certain artists and their lyrics, which has created negative stereotypes for hip-hop music and alsoRead MoreHip Hop And Hip Rap Music1144 Words   |  5 PagesHip hop music ha s delivered messages of freedom of expression, unity, peace, and protest against social injustices, for the past 30 years. But exactly when and where did it begin, and what impact has it had on our society? The hip hop beats created by DJs in the 70s actually sparked what is now known as hip hop culture. Hip hop culture originally included rapping, break dancing, graffiti, beat boxing, and looping and scratching, and has now includes urban clothing and cars, speech patterns and slangRead MoreRap Music : Hip Hop Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesRap, or hip hop as some call it, ranks in the top ten of most popular music genres in the world. Since it burst on the scene in the late 1970s, rap music changed the landscape of the music industry, especially for African-American artists. The genre accredited some of the biggest names in the music industry. Popular artists like LL Cool J, Tupac, Notorious B. I. G., Jay-Z, Kanye West, and many others produce, or have produced, millions of hip-h op records. The secret to the success of hip hop centersRead MoreHistory Of Hip Hop And Rap Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesShields English IV 22 September 2015 The History of Hip-Hop and Rap The controversy of Hip-Hop and Rap being that it is â€Å"only about violence† or â€Å"uninfluential† is one that has been around since the eighties. But is it really all about violence, sex, drugs, or protest? Yes, there are rap groups that only rap about violence, sex, drugs, or protest, but that is a genre called â€Å"trap† music. When mentioning of the original artists in the trap music genre, rappers such as Waka Flocka Flame, Gucci ManeRead MoreHip Hop Culture And Culture1196 Words   |  5 PagesHip-Hop Culture and race have had a complicated relationship in the past two decades. It has been commonly referred to as â€Å"black music† and a reflection of black culture. However, recent studies done by the Mediamark Research Inc. showed that 60% of rap music buyers are white. With the emergence of white, Latino, Asian, and other rappers with diverse backgrounds on the Hip Hop scene it is important recognize the changing color of the genre and the st ereotype it holds as â€Å"black music†. Black cultureRead MoreThe Mafia s Influence On Hip Hop1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mafia’s influence on Hip-Hop In Rap, there is a unique culture, history, social impact and influence on society. Hip-Hop/Rap is one of the most popular genre of music. It has helped shape the pop culture into what it is today. What is popular culture? The ideas, activities or products, which are popular among the general mass. In today’s pop culture, one subject that is at the top of the list is hip-hop/rap. Hip-Hop music highlights verses consisting of slang and catchy phrases, which someRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words   |  6 Pageseffect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on African American lives. Over the past three decades, Hip-hop has arisen asRead More Music Essay - America Needs Rap and Hip Hop1366 Words   |  6 PagesNeeds Rap and Hip Hop Ever since it became popular in the late eighties, hip-hop music has been a target of moral disapproval. Many critics have labeled the music as an offensive, vulgar, misogynist form of expression, which negatively influences its listeners, particularly children. Early in rap musics development concerned citizens and various government officials held protests against the release of certain rap albums. Rap musics opponents demanded strict censorship. But hip-hop

Comparison Between the set roles of Late 19th Century men in the ‘Ms Julia’ and ‘A Dolls House’ Free Essays

‘Ms Julia’ and ‘A Dolls House’ are both late 19th Century plays. In the late 19th Century, England was the most economically powerful nation in the world, with naval supremacy and an extensive empire. There was great social change; the nation was becoming more literate and expressive, giving birth to the expression ‘art for art’s sake’. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between the set roles of Late 19th Century men in the ‘Ms Julia’ and ‘A Dolls House’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, controversy and conflict occurred during this time of economic and social change. That caused a knock on effect throughout Europe. A new social class was also formed; this was the middle class, which ‘A Dolls House’, is based on. During this time of change, men still had family duties which had to be conformed to in the society. Women’s role in society stayed the same. Women were left at home while their husbands went to work. Not much was expected from them, but to provide offspring and keep their husbands satisfied. Family image was very important during this time period and loss of face was unacceptable, a tarnished image would lead to gossip and loss of respect from people of the same social class. Image and social status is clearly brought out in both plays and conflict is apparent when social roles are not adhered to. In Ms Julia, Jean is portrayed as the ambitious footman who crosses the social barrier to seduce the mistress of the house whereas Torvald remains the stereotypical husband of Nora who fulfills his role as her provider. Both plays ‘A Dolls House’ and ‘Ms Julia’ have dominating male characters. In ‘A Dolls House’ the dominating character, Torvald, plays a middle-class man working as a bank manager. Dr Rank, a well-respected doctor, represents the weaker side of men, both physically through his illness which is probably a sexually transmitted disease inherited from his father and also being susceptible to Nora. In ‘Ms Julia’ the main male character is Jean, whose rank in society does not exceed one of a footman. Even though he seems well educated and speaks French, his intentions are evil and disloyal. The Count, Jean’s employer, does not appear in any scenes but he is known as a stern authoritarian man and his presence throughout the play is noticeable through references by the staff and the ‘bell’ at the end of the play. Torvald, a man who has a secure source of income and is well respected by his acquaintances, conforms to the society he is placed in. Towards his wife, he seems only grateful for the company and entertainment that she provides for him and his friends. ‘Nora, I’d gladly work night and day for you, and endure poverty and sorrow for your sake. ‘ This is a typical male statement of that time where women had to rely on the men in that society. When Nora confesses to taking out the loan, to save his life. He does not really love Nora for who she is, but he loves her for what she does to satisfy her. Torvald feels that her actions were outrageous and something he would not expect from a wife. ‘This is unheard-of from a young girl like you’. This clearly shows how he feels about the position and role of a wife. After confessing, Nora leaves their well-established home under the protection of Torvald, and ventures off into the harsh world. At this moment Torvald is a broken man. His wife has left him with two children and a broken heart. ‘But to lose you – to lose you, Nora! No, no, I can’t even imagine it†¦ ‘. More importantly there is an imbalance in Torvald’s life as his role in society is not the same and his broken image cannot be repaired due to what the society expects from happy middle class families. But you’re my wife – now’. How will he be viewed by others because his wife has left him? Dr Rank plays a distinctive role in the play ‘A Dolls House’. His name relates to society, Ibsen deliberately put it in to show the importance of social ranking. Rank is a family friend to the Helmers and makes frequent visits to their residence. When Rank and Torvald discuss matters, they confide themselves to a small room that does not welcome Nora and is not seen by the audience. The subject of these conversations are not known by Nora indicating a difference in the roles in society. When Rank finds death approaching, he confides in Nora, yet Torvald has no that they occur. ‘Well, at any rate you know that I’m at your service – body and soul. ‘ Helmer clearly states that he is at her service, which does not always equal love. Krogstad is an unemployed barrister in ‘A Dolls House’. During the time that Torvald was ill Nora turned to Krogstad for a loan to pay for a much-needed vacation to Italy. This loan was taken out without Torvald knowing. Throughout the play Krogstad always appears at the Helmers residence asking Torvald to hire him. He visits are not only intended to ask for a job, but also to blackmail Nora for the money that she had borrowed from him and the falsified signature. Near the end of the play Krogstad slips a note inside Torvald’s private letterbox about the loan that he gave to Nora. In ‘Ms Julia’ the dominant male character is Jean. He takes advantage of the Count’s daughter and seduces her. Fear of being caught, they both plan to run away. Jean feels that he should be in a higher social class in society. He tries to fit in with people in a higher class, but tries to ignore the social class barrier. ‘In my dream, I’m in a dark wood, lying under a tall tree. I want to get up – right to the top, where I can see out over the country in the sunlight. ‘ However, he is unable to do so and is reminded constantly of his position in society by Kristin and finally by the bell ringing on the return of the Count. The Count is the master of the house, but not much is heard or seen of him. However, his heavy presence is constantly felt by the bell ringing. It’s Jean, my lord. ‘ This brings fear to all the servants. From what is shown the Count expects certain standards from everyone including his daughter and shows a strong adherance to the social class system of the time. He lives upstairs and the servants live downstairs each to their altered position in society. In the two plays the men have completely different roles and attitudes to their place in society. Torvald is comfortable about his role and place in society. Yet Jean feels the opposite way as he feels that he deserves a higher position. Dr Rank feels that his life has not satisfied all his needs for women and he had an unfair chance at life because of his father’s lifestyle. To conclude, Jean’s role in society does not change throughout the play even though he tries very hard to change, he still holds his role as a footman. Dr Rank stays in his role in society as a doctor and a friend, but he tries to bend the rules in his last moments and attempts to flirt with Nora yet he must stay celibate because of his illness. Torvald looses a part of his role and has an increased role of being a single parent and a middle class working man at the same time. If Jean was to conform to society he would not have considered a relationship between himself and Ms Julia. He would have married Kristin and lived his life as a servant and husband. His dreams of owning a hotel would not happen due to his position as a footman. These men had different ideas and roles, but the end result still remains, society still controls who you are and what you can achieve. The bell in Ms Julia is the main image that restricts what you can achieve. In A Dolls House the sickness that Dr Rank has contracted controls his life and his place in society. How to cite Comparison Between the set roles of Late 19th Century men in the ‘Ms Julia’ and ‘A Dolls House’, Papers

Recruitment & Selection AT Live Wire Laboratory Ltd.

Question: 1. Identify and select a small business (big/well known organisation is not allowed) as the subject for your project, and explain the task to the business manager to obtain approval. 2. Survey key stakeholders (relevant positions in the small business) and identify the HR needs of the business for the next 12 months. 3. Develop a human resources (HR) plan to address the HR needs of the organisation and have the plan approved by the business manager and your assessor before proceeding further. 4. Develop job descriptions. 5. Develop an advertising policy and procedure, including checklist, which complies with organisational, legal and policy requirements. 6. Develop a selection policy and procedure, including checklists, that complies with organisational, legal and policy requirements for: a. external reference checking b. providing offers of employment (including advice about salary, terms and conditions, probation). 7. Review the procedures with key stakeholders and your assessor before proceeding. 8. Facilitate and evaluate some training on at least two of the procedures developed using a training evaluation form. Answer : Executive Summary Success of all business organization depends on its human resource. Every business organization has the same requirements i.e. finding the right person for the job developing him or her into a valuable resource. Conducting the recruitment in the proper way helps the managers to work in most effective manner and achieve the vision mission of the organization. It is expected from every human resource manager that they pay proper attention on the recruitment selection activities happening in the organization, so that they can tackle the human energies in achieving the objectives of the organization. Therefore, personal functions selection recruitment, when they are carried out in a proper manner, it would enable the business enterprise to hire retain the best brains in the business industry. Behind all the world best companies it is its people which are the biggest strengths. The employees recognize themselves with the organization they are working for. The proper functions acted b y human resource manager help the employees to build up their morale, proudness spirit which in turn become the organizational strengths. Certain steps are required to be followed by all the business enterprises, which ensure that it has right number right kind of people at right time at right place, in order to achieve the planned goals of the organization. The report covers the a brief profile of Live Wire Laboratories Ltd., its existing human resource policies, survey report identifying of needs of manpower, current human resource status, develop the job description, developing- HR Plan, advertising policies, selection policies training evaluation for two procedures. Business Profile- Live Wire Laboratories Ltd. The Live Wire Laboratories Ltd. is a young start up manufacturing and exporting human herbal. Live Wire Laboratories was founded by Mr. Abraham Stewart in the year 2001 and has its headquarters in Kallyanpur, Dhaka. Live Wire Laboratories produce ethical drugs, it started with manufacturing oral liquid products. It is private limited company registered with the registrar of Joint Stock Company the firms of Government of People of Bangladesh. Initially the organization faced many challenges problems, however, it successfully overcame with all the problems and is trying to become from a small unit to giant size. Live Wire Laboratories continuously tries to enlarge the facilities of production, increasing the employees and boosting its marketing sales efforts. At present, Live Wire Laboratories product lines include two categories, i.e. herbal allopathic. Both the products include various products. The major activity of Live Wire Laboratories is to contract manufacturing, distribution sales. Live Wire Laboratories sells its products majorly in Bangladesh and also exports a small amount to Nepal Sri Lanka. Live Wire Laboratories is a young growing exporter of human herbal pharmaceuticals product in Bangladesh having 500 employees in total working in various departments within the organization. The Vision Statement of Live Wire Laboratories is to ensure health happiness for all. With their continuous efforts, improvements innovation Live Wire Laboratories want to establish themselves as one of the best pharmaceutical organization. The Mission statement of Live Wire Laboratories is to adopt holistic approach in order to ensure happiness and health for all by making medicines of superior quality at reasonable prices and reaching out even the smallest villages by proper sales distribution channels. They view themselves as partners with doctors, their employees, their customers and the environment. (Ashwathapa, 2007) The Goal of the organization is to stay committed to improve the state of the art manufacturing facilities in order to ensure superior quality products to the customers. The organization is continuously putting its efforts to increase the sales, revenue, productivity improve the image of the organization and the satisfaction level of customers. Planning Recruitment (on the budget basis) 1. The manpower planning procedure for a year starts with the Live Wire Laboratories budgeting activity. The managers or functional heads of respective department submit the requisition form to Board of Directors sating the requirement of manpower in their respective departments as part of their annual business plan. Detailed discussion is done with the Human Resource Manager with proper notes in details in support of the projected assumptions in regards to indirect direct costs of salary for each position. 2. After this detailed discussion a copy of approved human resource plan goes to the HR department for their actions which are further required during the year. The yearly budget would show the required manpower in the entire organization, at various levels in different departments, at different office location and timing when the manpower is required. The budget also depicts the requirement budget, which is the cost assigned towards the replacement of existing employees recruitment of the budgeted staff. The manpower plan will also clearly specify the exact time at which the incumbent should be on board in such a way that the regional HR has plenty notice for the time lapses included in sourcing another activities. 3. The Regional HR department needs to accept the planning activity and perform required preparations in advance of the forecasted requirements, as quarterly monthly activities on the foundation of the approved budget, replacements separations therefore. 4. The openings sought to be filled or being filled will always be within the annual manpower budget which has been approved by the board of directors and no recruitment process will be initiated without the formal notice or meetings with the regional HR Head under any situation. Sourcing Suitable Candidates The HR Department of Live Wire Laboratories adopt various channels for attaining the right candidate. The HR manager uses multiple sources of recruiting the employees depending upon the position, volume of recruitment, etc. Some of these sources include: 1. Employee referrals 2. Existing database of potential candidates 3. Advertisement in Internet/magazine/newspaper/ job sites/companys website or any other media. 4. Placement agencies The choice of sourcing mechanism depends upon number of positions, urgency criticality of the position cost consideration. However, the norms of using any of the above sources are not water tight. Policies Regarding Advertisements 1. All the advertisements related to recruitment in any medium or in any form should always conform to the KLI compliance norm cannot be advertised by any department without having the VP-HR approval depending on the specifics of each vacancy for which recruitment advertisement needs to be acted, the HR Manager has the right to get help from the marketing department of the organization or any external advertising agency for the preparation of the advertisement. Primary characteristics of the vacancies as informed by the department heads would normally be the part of the advertisement text. 2. The media for delivering the advertisement will depend on the level of position being considered on the basis of the urgency of the vacancy. 3. The mode of advertisement can be broadly classified as internet websites, newspapers business magazines. (Robins, 2000) Recruitment Selection of Sales Promotional Representative and Medical Representative For the Live Wire Laboratories, Sales Promotional Representative (SPR) and Medical Representative (MR) are the most important positions. Every quarter, the Live Wire laboratories recruit 20-30 employees for this position. Below is the process of recruiting and selecting MR and SPR: 1. Requisition form: As a process, the marketing division raises the request demanding employees by filling the requisition form. HR department will justify the requirement will take approval from Board of Directors. 2. Attract Invite applicants: Every quarter Live Wire Laboratories recruit MR and SPR in a big quantity. Being this as the main reason they try to reach the maximum number of applicants. HR Department publishes the recruitment advertisement in the newspapers. Mostly the advertisements are published on the last working day of the week. The major points that are included in advertisements are: Job Responsibilities of Sales Promotional Representative: Ensuring prompt timely delivery of medicine to the chemist as per their requirements. Managing cash collections received after the delivery of medicines. Safely depositing the cash received to the concerned department. Promoting the Live Wire products in potential market. Job Specification of Sales Promotional Representative: Applicants should have a minimum completed graduation from a certified and recognized university. 1. Should have scored 60% throughout academics. 2. Should be less than 30 years of age 3. Should be comfortable speaking local language 4. Should have fluent English 5. Should be honest and smart working person. 6. Workplace can be anywhere in Bangladesh. Job Responsibilities of Medical Representative: 1. Able to maintain constant liaison with health care professional doctors. 2. Promoting the products of Live Wire create maximum awareness about the brand. 3. Achieving sales target given by the organization. 4. Providing chemists doctors with updated information about the product on regular basis. Job Specification of Medical: Representative: Applicant must have done masters in general management or have marketing specialization. Should be capable of working under immense pressure to meet targets in given deadlines. Applicant should have his own transportation vehicle and knows driving. Applicant should be comfortable travelling. Applicants under 30 years are eligible to apply. Workplace can be anywhere in Bangladesh. 3. Collecting resumes, conducting examination, interview and publishing results: After the advertisements are published and have received enough number of applicants, the candidates are invited to appear in the written examination and after the examination candidates are shortlisted. Shortlisted candidates appear for the personal interview and then the selected candidates names are published. 4. Acceptance of offer letter: Finally the shortlisted candidates are offered with joining letters and HR Department takes the required papers and performs the reference check. (Kothari, 208) Recruitment Selection Policies 1. First level screening The Candidates would be screened by the HR Manager/Branch Manager for the respective locations. Screening would be on the basis of the profile of the candidate and the departmental requirements. This assessment will be with respect to: The general profile of the candidate, Personality fit of the candidate into the profile, Aptitude/attitude of the candidate, Motives of the person to join the company and whether focus is in the short term or is a long term player, Basic skill level on our set of requirements, say numerically ability, networking ability, etc. Establish the annual guaranteed cash compensation of the individual and check whether the person would fit into the system. Explain the role of Sales manager to the applicant and check the acceptance of the candidate for the same. In case of need, the Regional HR may take a Tele interview of the candidate for further assessment process. 2. Second Level Screening Aptitude Test If the first assessment is positive, the candidates will give the aptitude test, once such test is selected approved by the company. The scoring, interpretation and the generation of interview probes from that test will also be done at this time. People who qualify the minimum criteria on this test will be put up on to the Functional Head (VPs in case of HO) for functional assessment and suitability into the role. General Norms regarding interview Process: Interviews should consider the entire data provided by the candidate either through the formal CV or otherwise before coming to a conclusion about the candidate. They may insist on seeing the proof of the claims made by the candidate regarding qualifications, experience and other achievements. They may, at their discretion, decide to meet the candidate on more than one occasion or to refer the candidate to another panel. Ratings on various attributes of the candidates shall be recorded in the interview evaluation sheet, soon after the interview is over. Along with these numerical ratings, qualitative observations about the candidate and overall decision regarding selection or otherwise (including a decision to defer the induction, referral to another panel, considering for another position) shall be forwarded to the associated Recruitment Manager/ Head of Regional HR. Individual panel members have the option of appending their additional remarks/observations. No selection will be treated as final unless the IES form is filled comprehensively. Suitably appropriate IES formats may be created for specific positions. Any discrepancies noticed by the panel members regarding the authenticity of the data provided by the candidate should be specifically and formally recorded on the IES form and suitably high lightened. Specific points to be probed during the reference check process, if any, must also be clearly recorded and high lightened on the IES forms. Administrative Actions Regarding Interviews Scheduling and the venue of the interviews would be handled by the recruitment team in consultation with the short listed candidate and the selection panel members, after taking mutual convenience into account. For field positions, respective branch/regional heads would undertake this co-ordination. After the final round, if the candidate is selected, the complete set of papers Personal Data Form, CV, job requisition no., Interview evaluation sheet, reference check details, educational details, along with the interviewers recommendations and Reference check form should be forwarded by the recruitment managers to recruitment head. Fitment of the candidate into a grade and compensation fitment shall be on the assumption of authenticity of the information provided in the CV/application form. An appropriate formal communication shall be sent to the candidate whose candidature is not being taken forward, or details of the verbal/telephonic communications provided to the candidate shall be recorded on the candidates papers, by the recruitment team/associated line managers. In the case of interviews taking place at the branch/regional levels, similar noting should be recorded on the individual candidates papers. (Gupta, 2011) Negotiations of the terms and conditions and other pre-appointment formalities In the case of sales-Tied Agency functions, the branch managers will be allowed to fix the salary and grade of the incoming sales manager provided the compensation does not exceed 20% of the candidates current cash salary. Any fitment beyond these norms will need the approval of Head-HR. HR will forward a worksheet to support the BMs to evaluate the appropriate cash CTC of the incumbent. For all other functions, the compensation and grade would be fixed post a discussion between the Head of the Regional HR and the associated AVP/VP. Any candidate being offered a CTC of more than 4lacs will need the sign off from HEAD-HR. In appropriate cases, at the discretion of the VP-HR, a deviation may be referred to the Managing Director, for the MDs formal approval. Responsibility for negotiations and finalization of the terms shall rest with the best Branch Manager/Associated Manager. They may seek the assistance of the recruitment managers, whenever required. Reference checks process should not normally be initiated unless the candidate has indicated his firm acceptance of the offer being made by us. Reference Checks Normal, reference checks should be undertaken with at least one reference. A second reference check will be done if considered necessary. Responsible officials from the former employers, academic institutes and/or any other eminent personalities can be considered as appropriate references. Close relatives and friends cannot be considered as references. Wherever feasible and considered appropriate, a reference should be made with a senior official of the candidates current employer. In case the candidate is currently un-employed, reference should be made with the latest employer. The format of reference check is to be used as a framework for conducting the process Where the minimum two reference checks are not possible (particularly with the current employer) or where there is a mixed response from different sources, the matter may be to the VP-HR for a final decision. Depending on the seniority and any other considerations about the positions, VP-HR would normally consult the functional head concerned, before coming to conclusions. Any candidate whose credentials are doubtful shall not be recruited. In case of recruitment of Management trainees, fresher and life advisors as sales Managers no reference checks will be required. (Abraham, Jose, 1998) Employment offer letter When a recruitment Manager is fully satisfied about the selection of the right candidate and about completion of all the formalities connected with the appointment of candidate including requisite documentation, satisfactory reference check reports and medical fitness, he/she would forward the relevant papers listed below to the head of recruitment. Personal Data form Employee requisition form duly filled by the regional Head/Branch Manager Interview evaluation sheet filled by the regional head/Branch manager/interviewer with his/her comments. Latest and updated resume of the candidate Photocopy of the appointment letter of the last employer or latest salary slip. Employment details. Two Professional references. Language Proficiency. Document check list for every grade is as follows: Authorization Release Form. Background checks Form. Highest Education certificate. Highest Education mark sheet. 1 Month Salary Slip of Current Employer. 1 Month Salary Slip of Last Employer. Relieving Letter of last Employment. Proof of Residence. 2 Passport Size Photograph. Regional HR manager will take the signature of Head-HR on the employee requisition form and forward the papers to the employee service team for issuance of the offer letter. Employee services team will issue offer letter, to be signed by the National Recruitment Manager or Chief Manager-HR, and send the same to the concerned Branch Manager/ HR Manager. It would be the responsibility of the Branch Manager/HR Manager to ensure that the accepted copy of the offer letter is forwarded to the employee service team within a week of receipt of the offer letter. Till this letter is issued, the offer has not taken place in formal sense. A copy of the offer letter shall be duly signed and returned to the candidate. Candidate would be expected to fulfil various joining formalities, which are also formally communicated to him/her in the form of a checklist that is attached to the letter of offer. The Regional HR head shall have the overall responsibility and accountability to maintain the templates of the offer letters and also for drafting of suitable non-standard terms to any specific candidate. The employee service team will follow up Branch Manager/Regional HR Manager for the joining of the candidate and will collect all relevant documents from the candidate including the joining report, before issuing the appointment letter. The employee service team may enlist the help of the Branch Manager to ensure that all necessary documents within ten days o the person joining. After all of the necessary documents, the employee service team will send the appointment letter to the new joiner. Once the documentation is complete for the new joiner (including the accepted appointment letter), people who may have joined before 20th of the month but have not been included in the payroll for the month because of delay in receipt of papers will be given ad-hoc salary advance (up to maximum of 65% of the prorated salary). This advance will be adjusted once the person gets included in the subsequent months payroll. If the person does not submit the relieving letter from the previous organization, where required to be submitted as per the table given above, within three months of joining, the employee service manager can put their salary on hold till such time as the said documents are received. (Rao, 1998) References Robins, D (2000): Human Resource Management, Publisher-Prentice Hall, New York. Abraham, Jose P, (1998), "To Grapple With Attrition" , Publisher- Human Capital Rao, J.M., (1998), "Scouting for Talent ", Publisher- Human Capital Ashwathapa, K, (2007) Human Resource and personnel Management, Tata McGraw Hill 131-176. Gupta, C.B. (2011) Human Resource Management, Sultan Chand Sons. Kothari, C.R, (2008) Research Methodology, Publishers- New Age International

Lolita (deluxe edition) Review Essay Example

Lolita (deluxe edition) Review Paper Essay on Lolita (deluxe edition) I can not stop, this ironic prose pulls me. And now, reading happening again, I see all the fabulous, outrageous details that make the images of the characters vivid, expressive, but as they ironically, facing us, the readers!  «you have not laughed Homeric? Everything I am writing to you in your free time catching butterflies, do you believe? Adorable kids, maybe its time to grow up?  » How did Humbert sadistic pleasure from the suffering of his former wife, unhappy Valya, if for some time before he spoke happily with her almost without any problems? We will write a custom essay sample on Lolita (deluxe edition) Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lolita (deluxe edition) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lolita (deluxe edition) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How did Humbert, exquisite and magnificent, could touch the essentially similar anecdotal? (Tinted bulging lips, straightened Peck fingers blouse chest, tripling the chin ) No, I understand that it may be hated, but Humbert could live with it?  «Valya rip off his pink pants with a rope over the bath  ». Why is refined in his manners Humbert is ENDURED? Why is Valya and her husband were subjected to refined mockeries in the laboratory? My informant saw firsthand both fat Valya and her colonel, diligently crawling on polished floors through a series of brightly lit premises ? Eny I will not hold the attention of respected public new details, but it is clear here that:  « Lolita  »- the greatest in the world of mystification, and we are discussing it for so many years in full seriously. My applause to the mind and sense of humor Nabokov. It is a good joke on us.

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buy custom Bill of Rights and Amendments essay Based on the memory of the British violation of civil rights that was fresh in their minds, the opponents charged that the constitution would allow the central government to be tyrannical. These opponents were pressing for a bill of rights that was able to spell out the individual citizens immunities. In the year 1789, the United States first Congress proposed to the legislatures of states the twelve amendments that met the arguments frequently advanced against the constitution. The first two amendments were not ratified. The articles 3 to 12 were however ratified by the state legislatures and they constitute ten amendments of the constitution referred to as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was an addition to constitution made ratification a reality (Burgan, 2002). This paper delves why and how the amendments became part of the American constitution, issues of the original document that led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights. It also includes the changes in society that led to later amendments as well as the effects of these later amendments. How and why amendments become part of the constitution The authority of making amendments to the United States constitution is derived from article V of the constitution. In the United States, there are two ways of making the amendments part of the constitution. First, amendments are proposed the Congress, which comprises of the senate and the House of Representatives. It is a requirement that two thirds of the houses approve the amendments, otherwise, they end at this point. Upon approval of the amendments, they are forwarded to the states legislatures, which approve them, based on their own rules. An amendment becomes a law when approved by three fourths of the states. Secondly, two-thirds of the 50 states legislatures may cal for the constitutional convention with the aim of proposing amendments to the United States constitution. The main reason why amendments are made to be part of the constitution is to adjust to the ever-changing society (Palumbo, 2009). Problems with the original document motivated the adoption of the Bill of Rights The supports of the new United States constitution feared the national government might abuse their powers. The government should not abuse a number of people that some basic rights might. Then, the Bill of Rights supporters decided that these rights should be identified in a new written document. The American people inherited a tradition of expressing firm limits on the government power developing out of the English struggles against the monarchs. Before the year 1971, the tradition was voiced in the laws and the constitutions of many states (Baldwin, 1990). The effects of the Bill of Rights The powers of the government are limited by the first eight amendments through specification of appropriate liberties and rights. The 10th amendment underlines the fact the government exercises the powers that are granted to it by the constitution. The Bill of Rights has provisions that limit the state and local governments. For instance, the government can never violate the Bill of Rights unless the whole constitution is amended ((Baldwin, 1990). Problems with the original document, or changes in society, that led to later amendments People claimed that the original document threatened peoples liberties and it only specified the government did to the people. However, people believed that the new constitution would protect their liberties through power divisions. The citizens were given some rights that could not be taken away by the government but they were not defined in the original document. The Americans never wanted the government to have excess power and they were compelled to create the later amendments which gave them unalienable rights that the government cannot use against them (Bachrach, 1954). Thirteenth through Fifteenth Amendments The thirteenth amendment was abolition of slavery. It says, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction. The fourteenth amendment is about civil rights. It was made to give citizenship to and protect the liberties of the freed slaves. It achieved this through prohibition of states from denying the privileges of citizens, depriving any person of his life, property, or liberty without due process of law. The fifteenth amendment is about black suffrage. It gave the African American people the right to vote (Historic Documents). Effects of these later Amendments Through the later amendments, the rights of individuals have been protected by limiting the powers of the national government. In addition, the amendments have enhanced various changes in the institutional procedures and structures that were originally created by the constitution (Hinsdale, 1917). Conclusion Without the collective devotion of all Americans, the Bill of Rights is a hollow shell. For the Bill of Rights to be more effective, it needs the labor of both men and women doing the governments work. Finally, the Bill of Rights will be more meaningful if all Americans share a common belief that getting the liberties that are guaranteed by it deserves their support and is worth their toil. Buy custom Bill of Rights and Amendments essay

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet - Questions

'Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet' - Questions Published in 2009, this historical fiction novel has been a book club favorite since it was released. Use these book club discussion questions on by Jamie Ford to lead your book club into Fords novel. Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by Jamie Ford. Finish the book before reading on. Why do you think Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet was told in flashbacks? What perspective can an older Henry give?How was Henrys relationship with Marty different than his relationship with his father? How was it the same? Even though tradition was important to both men, how did Henry and his father view tradition and heritage differently?Was the information the novel presented about Japanese-American internment new to you? What did you learn?Do you think Henry was right to stay with Ethel even after he found out about his fathers deceit? Should he have searched for Keiko?Do you think Ethel knew what was happening to Henrys letters?If you were Henry, could you forgive your father?What do you think happened after the novel ended?Rank Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by Jamie Ford on a scale of 1 to 5.

American Type Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Type Painting - Essay Example Greenberg notes that although painting had started showing signs of modernization earlier than other arts, there are several expandable conventions embedded in the art of painting. There are a great number of conventions that artists cannot isolate and this difficulty in isolation makes painting difficult to expand and change. The author reiterates that the law of modernization is to recognize and immediately discard the facets of a medium that are not essential for its viability. The process of self-purification is observed to have come to a halt in literature as the letters have few conventions to eliminate before reaching those essential to it. Likewise, music has changed over the ages to reach an in expandable state. Most of the facets of music that can be isolated and altered or eliminated have reached the limit of change. The author makes a radical simplification with the hope that the suggested and noted simplifications may be used to overhaul the existing arts to renew vitali ty of the arts in the face of the community that is bent on rationalizing everything as well as maintain irreplaceability. Clement Greenberg was an American specialized in the field of art critic who was closely linked with the American Modern art. His work American Type painting is generally viewed as a response to the Rosenberg’s American Action Painting, but its focus is more specific. It is an observed, unrelenting and sustained attempt to refute the idea that abstract expressionist painting. has fundamentals of a break with the past. The work is a close and meticulous visual analysis to the new critics, based on the most basic element of painting rather than ideas, concepts and psychological states (Frascina, Francis, Charles Harrison & Paul, 1998). It handles the emergence and development of abstract expressionist, which mainly argues for the discrimination of color field painting linking it to impressionism rather than cubism and explains that modern art evolved while artists were perusing advanced pictorial flatness. The title of the essay shows his discomfort with abstract expressionism which he believed was erroneous. Greenberg’s piece viewed abstraction as a facet for modern painting. This is the only way for any painting work to be authentically modern. Each medium had to engage in a process of rationalization which will eventually make it distinct from other related medium. Indeed it was a necessary element of modern art work because painting was being threatened by the introduction of commerce and cliches. Figurative art and the type of anectodal subjects were frequent in the American

Accounting Synoptic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Accounting Synoptic - Essay Example The criticisms of traditional budgets as identified are- Traditional budgets are often contradictory and rarely strategically focused. Traditional budgets are costly and time consuming. Traditional Budgets lack flexibility and responsiveness. As compared to the time taken to prepare a traditional budget, it adds little value. Traditional Budget concentrates on cost reduction and not on value creation. Traditional Budget often acts as a barrier to change. Traditional Budgets seem to strengthen vertical control and command. Traditional Budgets do not reflect the emerging network structures that organizations are adopting. Traditional Budgets encourage perverse behaviors and gamming. Traditional Budgets are based on guesswork and assumptions that are unsupported. Traditional Budgets make customers feel undervalued. Traditional Budgets are updated and developed too infrequently, usually annually. Traditional Budgets bring about departmental barriers inspite of encouraging knowledge shari ng. The criticisms laid by Beyond Budgeting Round Table are more applicable to non-profit organizations than profit organizations. It is said so because the objectives of non-profit organizations are not specific and often link to multiple activities which necessitates trade off. Non-profit organizations are dominated by professionals and thus are less accessible to control systems and measures. Non-profit organizations incur a huge amount of discretionary fixed cost and the relationship between outputs and inputs are difficult to specify which raises difficulty in ascertaining profit. Non-profit organizations with their rigid rules and guidelines face problems in adapting to the changing policies, regulations and measures.... The criticisms laid by Beyond Budgeting Round Table are more applicable to non-profit organizations than profit organizations. It is said so because the objectives of non-profit organizations are not specific and often link to multiple activities which necessitates trade off. Non-profit organizations are dominated by professionals and thus are less accessible to control systems and measures. Non-profit organizations incur a huge amount of discretionary fixed cost and the relationship between outputs and inputs are difficult to specify which raises difficulty in ascertaining profit. Non-profit organizations with their rigid rules and guidelines face problems in adapting to the changing policies, regulations and measures. Non-profit organizations use the concepts of traditional budgets to ascertain cost and reduction of cost of activities, but the members are very little concerned to the developments, improvements and benefits which the activities are pursuing or shall pursue. The stri ct governance under which non-profit organizations operate has made it static, inflexible, not responsive to the changing environment, not focused on the formulation of procedural strategic plans, has lead to increase in discretionary fixed cost and lacks vertical control and supervision. Thus the shortcomings of traditional budget have decreased the value of non-profit organization in the current scenario inspite of creation of value, which have in turn lead to decrease in its significance.

Foundations of Human Development Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Human Development Essay Human development is based on biological development, psychological development, and social development, these three aspects of human development interact with each other, because it helps to create an individual’s identity and personality. Our development defines who we are, our interactions and how we view the environment around us. To understand bio-psycho-social dimensions of human development, having culture competency, and comprehending the general systems theory and how these theory systems works are crucial parts of being an effective human service professional Bio-Psycho-Social Dimensions of Human Development Various aspects of human development are combined together to make-up an individual’s growth and development. Human development contains three dimensions which are, biological development, psychological development, . Each theory differs in terms of the weight or importance it assigns to these biological, psychological, or social factors. Nonetheless, they each acknowledge there is an important inter-relationship between nature biology and temperament and nurture the social environment and life experience in the formation of personality experiences in the formation of personality. These aspects of human development or behavior can be developed by an individual’s culture, family, and community. During an individual’s life span, the foundation of human development begins to change, which is a direct result of an individual’s social environment. The diversity of the human population such as; a person’s cultural and ethnic background, can be understood by using the strength perspective. This method can help a human service professional to understand the client’s way of communicating, whether if they are using verbal and non-verbal gestures. As a human service professional develops and have an understanding of the client, they can become more skillful in the way that different cultures. The Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Human Behavior Simone Hoermann, Ph.D., Corinne E. Zupanick, Psy.D. Mark Dombeck, Ph.D. The Connection between General Systems Theory and Social Order Systems theory  covers a broad range of theoretical and methodological practices across many disciplines. Generally, systems theory is concerned with the structure of complex systems, with a special emphasis about how parts relate to each other and to the whole system. In the social sciences, this usually means understanding how individuals relate to each other and to their society as a whole, and the effect that social pressures have on individuals. Social Work Social workers can hold a variety of different roles. What binds them together is a core concern for improving social conditions for individuals and promoting social justice. Applied Systems Theory Social workers employ systems theory in order to understand the dynamic interrelations between individuals, families, institutions and societies. Generally, they want to identify how a system functions, what aspects of that system have a negative impact on people and understand how they can cause positive change in that system. Individuals and Families On the micro level of social work, workers use systems theory to understand the dynamics, relationships and roles within families, and how these things affect individuals therein. For instance, they want to know that parents and children are taking upon their proper responsibilities, that parents are providing for the safety of their children and that these roles are stable and beneficial to everyone involved. General systems theory at a simple level can be defined as: elements, which are in exchange, and which are bounded. These components constitute a system, which functions or operates within a field or an environment. Elements can be virtually anything you wish to label as such, the exchanges are any relationships that exist between elements, and the boundary is what you can see, hear, feel, or sense that separates from the background or environment. General Systems Theory: A Framework for Analysis and Social ChangeRobert J. Gregory, Ph.D. School of Psychology by Smart, Barry 04/1999, ISBN 0761955178 Explain the concept of human diversity and cultural competence? One of the most predominant theories is Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, which assumes that. People learn through observing others’ behavior,  attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors which is called observational learning, that is an indirect form of learning known as vicarious learning and indirect forms of reinforcement which is called vicarious reinforcement .Bandura renamed SLT as social cognitive theory to accommodate the ever increasing importance in his thinking of cognitive factors .SLT has also been enriched by Bandura with his views about the effects of a person’s belief in their own effectiveness in specific situations also known as self –efficacy. According to Bandura, social learning involves a few factors such as, attention where the individual must pay attention to the model and must be able to remember the behavior they have observed so basically retention per se. The observer must be able to replicate the action and must have the motivation to demonstrate what they have learnt .Although motivation to imitate behavior of a model is quite complex. As certain factors have to be taken into consideration, the observer or learner must like the model and identify with the model, as humans tend to imitate people who are like themselves. An observer is more likely to imitate a model that is consistent across situations than someone who behaves in different ways depending on the situation. Also it has been argued by Bandura that people can learn from observing others, not necessarily experiencing the consequences of these actions, themselves. Throughout this essay a detailed account with appropriate reasoning and causes of SLT will be given. What is the importance of equality, diversity and recognizing rights in early year’s services? 1. Legal having proper policies and procedures in place should prevent successful compensation payouts for proven discrimination. 2. Ethical its morally right to want to provide equal treatment to all stakeholders, especially children and parents/guardians. 3. Social children can learn to be better citizens in a culturally diverse society, if given the right orientation from the beginning. Why is equality and diversity important in a mental health profession? One could argue it isnt and that best person should always be chosen regardless as It is mainly a political ideal. However in this case there may in fact be an argument for it as follows. it may be important for those suffering mental issues to feel they are part of a wider community and having a wide selection of diversity etc. (2013, 02). Explain the Social Learning Theory. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 02, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Explain-The-Social-Learning-Theory-1420930.html

Henry Thoreau Essay -- essays research papers

Born in 1817, in Concord, Henry David Thoreau became one of the greatest writers among the American Renaissance. Thoreau based his whole philosophy on the fact that man needed to get rid of material things in order to be an individual. An exquisitely educated man, Thoreau went to Harvard, which placed heavy emphasis on the classics. Thoreau studied a curriculum that included grammar and composition, mathematics, English, history, and various philosophies. He also spoke fluently in Italian, French, German, and Spanish. After his graduation in 1837, Thoreau became a teacher. He and his brother John, however, closed the school in 1841, for Thoreau knew writing was his passion. He kept a journal beginning in 1837, and most think he wrote way before that time. Thoreau’s love for writing pushed him to make it a driving force in his life.Thoreau was also a big part of the Transcendentalist’s Movement. The Transcendentalists assumed that the soul and nature were the two essential parts of the universe. "Transcendentalism started as a radical religious movement, opposed to the rationalist, conservative institution that Unitarianism had become." Unitarians had expressed the need for and conviction of a more personal and intuitive experience of the divine. "If a man does not keep pace with his companion, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." Individuality was a big part of Thoreau’s life; he believed that independent, well-thought action arose nat...

Estimating the Iron(II) content in an iron tablet using a standard solution of potassium manganate (VII) Essay

Calculating the amount of iron(II) present The iron was oxidized from its 2+ state to 3+ by sulfuric acid: And the manganate iron was reduced as follows: This half equation is balanced as follows: Since the above equation involves the transfer of five electrons, the equation involving iron needs to be multiplied by five before the two half equations can be added together: Adding the two half equations: This simplifies to: This equation shows that for every five present, one is required for the reaction to be completed. 19.1ml of potassium manganate solution was used for titration. From this the amount of manganate ions used can be calculated as follows: Amount of present = Mass of present = Since the volume of solution used was 25cm3, one-tenth of the total solution made from the five iron tablets, the above calculation shows that: . Dividing this value by 5, we get 53.3mg of Fe present in each tablet. We may also calculate the amount of Iron(II) Sulfate are present in each tablet: Molar mass of Iron(II) Sulfate, FeSO4: 55.8+32+164 = 151.8g/mol Amount of FeSO4 present: /5 tablets The mass of the five iron tablets was measured to be 1.552gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.0001. Dividing this value by five gives 0.310g per tablet, or 310mg. This means that the percentage of Iron(II)Sulfate present in each tablet in mass is as follows: Uncertainties calculation Percentage uncertainty for pipette reading = ==> Volume of iron (II) solution used = 25mlà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.05 Percentage uncertainty for burette reading = ==> Volume of potassium manganate used = 19.1mlà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.05 Adding the percentage uncertainties together, the overall uncertainty is 0.462%. Converting this to the uncertainty of the total amount of iron sulfate present, we obtain: Thus, the total amount of iron sulfate can be said to be 145mgà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.670 Literature value for mass of Iron Sulfate present in one tablet is 160mg. The percentage error of the experimental results can thus be calculated as follows: Converting this into absolute error in the amount of iron, we obtain: Thus, the total amount of iron sulfate with respect to its error value can be said to be 145mgà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13.6. Conclusion In this investigation it was found through calculations that each of the iron tablet contained approximately 145mg of Iron (II) Sulfate. This is 15mg less than the listed amount of 160mg on the package, or 10% less than the literature value. This may have happened because some of the crushed tablets were left behind in the mortar. Another possible reason is that some of the iron in the iron (II) solution deposited in the bottom of the volumetric flask. This would mean that the pipette was filled with solution of less iron concentration than the average concentration. This would explain the smaller obtained value. It was also found that the percentage error value was significantly bigger than the percentage uncertainty. This suggests that there was systematic error in this experiment. A possible way to solve this problem is to calibrate the burette and pipette next time before conducting the experiment. Evaluation This investigation has several flaws in its method. Potassium manganate (VII) solution was used in this experiment to titrate against the iron tablet solution. However, because it readily decomposes into manganese dioxide (MnO2), it is difficult to ever obtain a solution with exact concentration. The result is that the volume of manganate (VII) solution used might have been bigger than necessary due to decreased concentration as a result of decomposition. To minimize this from happening, the solution should be kept in a clean container and exposed to as little light as possible, as the solution decomposes faster under light and contaminated container. The obtained result was smaller than literature value, and this may have been because some of the powdered tablet was left in the mortar. To improve the accuracy of this experiment, one should wash the mortar with sulfuric acid or distilled water, which can then be transferred to the volumetric flask. This would allow more of the iron tablet to be contained in the acidic solution, thus increasing the amount of iron present. To extend this investigation, one can experiment on more types of iron tablets. Alternatively, a different content such as calcium or potassium can be investigated. This would require different types of tablets to be used.

Leadership and morality in The Crucible Essay

â€Å"He has an idea of himself which is that of a leader of a sort, a moral example, perhaps, for others†¦ † Examine the importance of leadership and morality in The Crucible. The ideas of leadership and morality are extremely important in Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible. The quote by Arthur Miller, â€Å"He has an idea of himself which is that of a leader of a sort, a moral example, perhaps, for others†¦ † could apply to a number of the male characters in the play, and is also applicable to a number of the female characters in the female. Leadership is defined in the dictionary as â€Å"guidance and direction† and morality as â€Å"motivation bases on ideas of right and wrong†. They are both very important in The Crucible, and are commonly emphasized with negative actions and ideas. Several characters in the play show leadership over others, and many undergo immoral actions and activities. Miller says of Parris, â€Å"He has an idea of himself which is that of a leader of a sort, a moral example, perhaps, for others†¦ â€Å". He has authority over the strongly religious town of Salem, yet he uses his power for personal gain, which is not only against his religion but is extremely immoral. He uses his power to condemn innocent men who may threaten his position in the future and who he has a dislike for. For a Reverend he has a severe lack of morality, with his incessant greed and quest for personal gain. John Proctor is most interesting for the moral choice that he has to make, whether to lie and save himself or to tell the truth and save his conscience. Although he has been immoral and sinned by having an affair, he makes the right choice by telling the truth. He knows that he is a sinner and is not worthy of following in Giles and Rebecca Nurse’s footsteps of being a martyr, but he tries to do what he believes to be right and what will be best for his family. The audience feels sympathetic for Proctor as he is hanged, as he has made the correct moral choice and died telling the truth. He asks â€Å"How may I live with my name? † just before tearing up his confession, stating that it is more important to tell the truth and keep his good name than to lie and live with a blackened name. As well as Proctor and Parris, many of the other characters in the play have moral choices to make and chances to show morality, yet many lie for personal gain or to save themselves. Without doubt the least moral person in the play is Abigail Williams. She lies at every possible chance in order to save herself and get revenge on those that she dislikes. She condemns innocent people which ultimately results in their death, yet has no conscience or feelings for those that she has hurt. Although she knows that there has be no actual witchcraft, yet continues with the idea in order to save herself and attack others. She makes a number of allegations against other women, â€Å"I saw Alice Barrows with the devil† being one example of her condemning and innocent person. Elizabeth, Hale, Danforth, Giles Corey and Rebecca Nurse all also have the chance to show their morality, yet only Giles and Rebecca are the only two in the whole play who come out of it as truly good people with excellent morality. They both do not give in by admitting to something that they have done, and both die as martyrs. Corey continues to tell the truth until the moment he dies, as he is crushed to death by his immoral torturers. He says â€Å"more weight† when given the option to confess of to continue with the torture, this being his final heroic act. Rebecca also dies a martyrs death, as she also continues to tell the truth knowing that she is going to die. These are the only two that show true morality and goodness. Although we feel sympathy for Hale when he finally realizes the mistake he has made, his lack of moral courage means that we can not admire or respect him. He is the one that starts the witch hunts, but eventually realises that his original assumptions were incorrect and endeavours to save the innocent townspeople. He tries to persuade them to admit to a crime that they had not done, which in its self is immoral, so that their lives may be spared. Some agree and are spared, but those with moral values continue to tell the truth and die for there beliefs. Elizabeth also has a moral choice, by lying to save her husband or telling the truth and leaving him in trouble. She lies in an attempt to save him, but this backfires as she discovers that he has already confessed to the crime, which ultimately condemns him. Leadership is another key aspect of The Crucible, and Abigail Williams is probably the most significant leader in the play. After discovering that she now has power over others, she exploits it for personal gain and to gain revenge on anyone that she believes has acted against her. She persuades the girls to admit to the crime so that they will not be punished, and to claim that others have been involved with the devil. She also threatens others into following her. John Proctor is a natural born leader, and organises opposition towards the church. He tries to persuade others to do the right thing and stand up against evil and continue to tell the truth, no matter what the consequences are. He realises what he needs to do, to save his own and others moral consciences, and takes a leading role in trying to help others. When Hale arrives he has an heir of authority and sense of leadership. His books are â€Å"weighted with authority† and people listened to what he had to say because of his authority. He then questions his own beliefs when he discovers that everything is not as he first believed. He loses his faith in his religion and the law, as he sees innocent people being executed for crimes that they have not committed. By the end his leaderships qualities are non-existent, and he is not half the man he used to be. Parris is similar to Hale, not just because he is also a Reverend, but because he has authority which makes people believe that what he is saying is the truth and is right. Parris use his leadership over others for personal gain, and only cares about his personal welfare. This may have had something to do with his background, as he used to be a tradesman in Barbados, which may explain his continued quest for personal gain. Danforth is another that has authority and therefore leadership over others. He has the power to sentence people to death, and so people will listen to what he has to say and respect his ideas. The other girls in the play are all easily led, as they follow Abigail’s lead in saving themselves and attacking other innocent people. This is especially true for Mary Warren, as she as good as sentences him to death when he claims that â€Å"there is a black man behind your right shoulder†. In conclusion, leadership and morality are extremely important in The Crucible. They are the basis of the lies that result in the death of 19 innocent people. Many people have moral choices to make, whether to save themselves by lying or telling the truth and facing the possibility of death. Many leaders also appear from the tragic events, with actions as well as negatives. These exciting aspects lead to an ultimately gripping play.

How to Show Gratitude and Say Thank You to a Teacher

How to Show Gratitude and Say Thank You to a Teacher Most teachers do not receive the admiration and respect that they deserve. Many of them work extremely hard, dedicating their lives to educating youth. They do not do it for the paycheck; they do not do it for the praise. Instead, they teach because they want to make a difference. They enjoy putting their stamp on a child whom they believe will grow up and make a significant difference in the world. Why Show Gratitude Teachers have likely impacted their students in more ways than most people understand. Most adults have had teachers who have inspired them in some manner to be a better person. So, teachers deserve praise. Its important to say thank you to teachers as often as possible. Teachers love to feel appreciated. It makes them confident, which makes them better. Parents and students can have a hand in this. Take the time to show your gratitude and say thank you to your teachers and make them feel appreciated.   25 Ways to Thank a Teacher These 25 suggestions provide a way of showing teachers, past  and  present, that you care. They are in no particular order, but some are more practical if you are currently a student and others will work better if you are an adult, and no longer in school. You will need to seek permission from or interact with the school principal for a few of these ideas. Give teachers an apple. Yes, this is clichà ©, but they will appreciate this simple gesture because you took the time to do it.Tell them that you appreciate them. Words are powerful. Let your teachers know what you love about them and their class.Give them a gift card. Find out what their favorite restaurant or place to shop is and get them a gift card to indulge.  Bring them their favorite candy/soda. Pay attention to what they drink/snack on in class and keep them supplied periodically.Send them an email. It does not have to be a novel, but tell them how much you appreciate them or let them know what kind of impact they have made on your life.Send them flowers. This is a terrific way to say thank you to a female teacher. Flowers will always put a smile on a teachers face.Do something memorable for their birthday whether it is giving them a cake, having the class sing happy birthday or getting them a special gift. Birthdays are momentous days that should be recognized.Write them a note. Keep it simple and let them know just how much they mean to you. Stay late and help them get organized for the next day. Teachers have plenty to do after students leave for the day. Offer to help straighten their room, empty trash, make copies or run errands.Mow their lawn. Tell them that you would like to do something special to show your appreciation and ask them if it would be OK to come over and mow their lawn.Give them tickets. Teachers love to get out and have a good time. Buy them tickets to see the newest movie, their favorite sports team or a ballet/opera/musical.Donate money toward their classroom. Teachers spend a lot of their own money on classroom supplies. Give them some cash to help ease this burden.Volunteer to cover a duty. This is a fabulous way for parents to say thank you. In general, teachers are not excited about covering duties, such as acting as the scorekeeper at a game or chaperoning a prom, so they will be extra excited when you do. Ask the principal first if it is OK.Buy them lunch. Teachers get tired of eating cafeteri a food or bringing their lunch. Surprise them with a pizza or something from their favorite restaurant. Be an exemplary student. Sometimes this is the best way to say thank you. Teachers appreciate students who are never in trouble, enjoy being at school and are excited to learn.Buy them a Christmas present. It does not have to be elegant or expensive. Your teacher will appreciate anything that you get her.Volunteer. Most teachers will appreciate the extra help. Let them know that you are willing to help in any area that you may be needed. Elementary school teachers will especially appreciate this help.Bring donuts. What teacher does not love donuts? This will provide an excellent, tasty start to any teacher’s day.Contact them when they are sick. Teachers get sick too. Check on them via email or social media or text and let them know you hope they get well soon. Ask them if they need anything. They will appreciate that you took the time to check on them.Post on social media. If your child’s teacher has a Facebook account, for example, let him know how much you appreciate all the things he does. Be a supportive parent. Knowing that she has tremendous parental support makes a teacher’s job much easier. Backing a teachers decisions is an excellent way to show your appreciation.Tell the principal how much you appreciate your teacher. The principal  evaluates teachers  regularly, and this type of positive feedback can factor into evaluations.Give them a hug or shake their hand. Sometimes this simple gesture can speak volumes in showing your appreciation. Be cautious when giving a hug that it is appropriate.Send them a graduation invite. Let your teachers know when you have reached a milestone such as graduating high school and/or college. They played a role in getting you there, and including them in this celebration will let them know just how much they meant to you.Do something with your life. Nothing says thank you like being a success. Teachers want the best for every student that they teach. When you are successful, they are successful because they know they had some influence on you for at least nine months of your life.

Business School Internships - Where to Find Business School Internships Online

Business School Internships - Where to Find Business School Internships Online Business school internships can be easy to find if you know where to look. There are tons of websites dedicated to helping students find an internship or summer job. Here are 25 of the best places to find business school internships online. AboutJobs.com - This site is a great place for students and recent grads to find business school internships, summer jobs and overseas jobs. CBcampus - This CareerBuilder site is designed specifically for students who need internships and part-time jobs. College Central - College Central is the nations largest network of college job seekers. CollegeGrad.com - This search engine limits your search to internships only. Using the advanced search option will help you narrow your results further. CollegeRecruiter.com - This search engine boasts thousands of internships for business school students and an equal number of entry-level jobs for new grads. CoolWorks - Although this site is know for hosting outdoor jobs and jobs in national parks, you can find a nice selection of interesting business internships. Craigslist - You can search Craigslist for anything, including internships. One word of warning: beware of scammers. Do not give your bank account information to anyone, and never tra nsfer money on someone elses behalf. Experience.com - Designed specifically for students and young professionals, Experience.com is one of the best places on the web to get career advice while you search for internships. Idealist.org - If youre looking for volunteer opportunities or internships that will help you make a difference, Idealist.org is the site to search. Indeed - Indeed is a great place to find internships and entry-level jobs. The site searches other job boards all over the web. InternAbroad.com - Use this site when you are searching for work abroad. InternJobs.com - This About.com site is a global database of internships for students and recent graduates. Internships.com - This site provides an internship search engine and excellent advice to help you launch your business career. Internships-USA - Internships-USA is the largest internship search engine on the web. More than 300 schools subscribe to this site. InternWeb.com - InternWeb is a good source for business internships, summer internships and entr y-level jobs. MonsterTRAK - This Monster site was created specifically for people who need entry-level jobs and internships. New postings are added each day. SimplyHired - This site is an award-winning meta search engine that searches other job sites so you dont have to. Snagajob.com - Snagajob.com is one of the best places on the web to search for jobs that pay by the hour. StudentJobs.gov - Designed specifically for students, this official government site is a good place to find business internships with the federal government. The Nonprofit Jobs Cooperative - This site is the result of a collaboration between nonprofit management centers from across the United States. If you are looking for an internship with a nonprofit, youll definitely want to check out The Nonprofit Jobs Cooperative. Vault - Vault is a great place to search for jobsbusiness school internships are no exception. University of Dreams - You can find guaranteed summer internships on the University of Dreams website. USA Jobs - The official job site of the United States federal government is a great place to find business internships. WorkTree - This meta search engine searches other sites for internship opportunities to help you save time.Yahoo! Hot Jobs - You can search this section of Yahoo! Hot Jobs to find high-paying business school internships.

Sex Disparities in the Use of IV Rt-PA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sex Disparities in the Use of IV Rt-PA - Essay Example For the women who are 50 years and above they are less likely to be admitted in the ICU as compared to men. For the women they have to wait for a long time in the emergency section than for the men it has always been believed that men are at more risk when suffering from cancer as compared to the men. A woman suffering from stroke is much different from a man with the same disease. The disease ranges from the symptoms to the treatment process (Gerarld, 2009). ii. Loss of balance and dizziness. When you’re experiencing all this and having trouble when walking one might end up coming to assumptions that it is the intoxication process but these might be one of the symptoms of stroke. v. Severe headaches. When one is suffering from stroke one is likely to experience severe headaches now and then. In a recent study it was noted that 600 patients were found to be experiencing headache women are likely to have headaches than the men. The researchers have indicated that the physicians treat the women who experience stroke in a less aggressive manner than the way they handle men. There are so many differences between thesymptoms of a stroke in a man and in a woman. The rt-PA method of treatment stands for Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator which is an enzyme that has proteins and it helps so much in the breaking of the blood clots. It is a very common method of the treatment of stroke. The research that has been taken in New York it indicates that women have got around 30% lesser odds of getting the treatment using the rt-PA method of treatment. The research has also touched on other sectors and the findings are that women are less likely to receive Thrombolytic treatment in the New York. Thrombolytic treatment of cancer entails the dissolving of the blood clot. The reason why there is a challenge in the chances of women to get thrombolysis is that timeliness

Islamic Responses to Western Modernization in the Middle East Essay

Islamic Responses to Western Modernization in the Middle East - Essay Example In present times, when modernity is largely defined according to the terms of the West, Islam has often been criticized of being regressive and unable to move on with the times. This paper shall look at two articles that came out in The New York Times and in BBC. According to Nicholas Kristof and Timur Kuran, there is an underutilization of women in the Middle Eastern Muslim Countries. They however, argue that this is a fairly recent phenomenon. They argue that it was the advent of industrialization that has resulted in a comparatively less liberated atmosphere that women have to face in Muslim countries of the Middle East. The authors talk about the different standards that are set in ascertaining the contributions of women in the different cultural frameworks. They also argue that the problems that are found with the Islamic treatment of women can be traced to a faulty assessment and interpretation of Islam. It happens according to them as a result of â€Å"Islamism†, a phen omenon that occurs as a result of the conflict between modernity and Islamic worldviews. According to them, such conflict deepens the stands that are taken by hardliners within the Islamic establishment, making them adopt more and more regressive perspectives (Kristof and Kuran). There are problems with such an approach. One of them is that it does not admit of the possibility of a debate into the tenets of Islam that actually may be oppressive for women. Apart from this, it also talks of the possibility of a utopian form of Islam that can be achieved merely through a different interpretation of it. Apart from these flaws, this approach also ignores the historical marginalization that woman of these communities have faced and the economic and social repercussions of it. The article seeks to set right the flaws in religion through religion and not through a holistic intervention. Roger Hardy’s article does not fall into the trap of offering alternatives. He talks of the flaws in the processes of modernity and the hurry that it has displayed in asserting its superiority over Islamic structures of society. Instead of incorporating changes, what the colonizers sought to do was to impose them. This, Hardy suggests is something that was counter-productive. According to him, one of the major issues that such communities have with modernity is the doubt that it introduces into the psyche of the societies that it is a part of. This problem persists in most Muslim societies of today as well (Hardy). As can be seen, there are several problems that can be identified right from the level of the perspective of the author(s). To find or to suggest any solution would not be a conclusive venture but a beginning. This is so because any possible solution needs to emerge from a dialogue in which every party which has a stake needs to be a participant. As a result, one needs to take on board the doubts that are voiced by the Islamic establishment and also organizations that work within such countries for the empowerment of women for making such a solution. A solution needs to be reached through a compromise where each party is willing to cede ground to the other. However, this does not mean that outmoded ways of living that unfairly oppress one section of mankind are allowed to stay on. The inevitability of progress has to be accepted. The oneness of the progress of humanity in a

C&B (u4ip) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

C&B (u4ip) - Essay Example Lines 18, 19, 20, 22, and 23 are the most important lines on the form that is included in the page below, as these particular lines contain the codes. It is not reasonable, safe, or reliable to expect a billing specialist to remember all of the codes and modifiers that are safe. Therefore, he or she will need a reference guide for this. Since these codes and modifiers are updated occasionally, an online reference guide would be a good resource. One good resource is the website for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. In the form below, the website for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid was used to look up the codes. The diagnosis code for this particular patient matches that of an individual with multiple sclerosis. The codes that follow the diagnosis code are procedural codes that represent the testing that was done during the office visit of that particular patient. There could have also been supply codes included, but no supplies were used in this particular visit that was going to be billed to the insurance company in question. Had there been supplies used, those would need to be included on the form as well. The codes were looked up using a search engine on the website, which provided a page listing the codes for musculoskeletal

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks A Disaster-Resilient Modern Cellular Network: Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks, Device-to-Device Communication enabled LTE-Advanced Abstract The goal of modern communication networks is to keep every corner of the world connected at all times. This goal is of utmost importance especially during a disaster. Todays mobile communication networks fail to showcase fast disaster resilience due to the lack of a distributed communication architecture that would work even if a part of the network fails. With current technological advancements, this resilience can be achieved by creating an overlay of various techniques. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) and Internet of Things (IoT) play significant roles in the next generation 5G networks. Having this in mind, this paper discusses how Self Organizing Networks (SON) when applied to HetNet, and a distributed Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled architecture when applied to Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), can strengthen the disaster resilience of a modern cellular network. Self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-healing heterogeneous small cell networks reduce the nee d for human intervention and ensure reliable communication during calamities. A D2D type communication is important because in most cases, physical damage to operators network elements is the cause for network failure. Hence there is a need to be able to communicate emergency messages without total dependency on a carriers network. The means of achieving these two goals will be addressed in this paper. I. Introduction The earliest forms of communications were intended to send emergency messages during wars. While communication technology has evolved from sending pigeons to next generation 5G, the industry has not been able to ensure perfectly reliable communication for disaster-struck regions with the unaffected areas during times of emergency. The existing methods for emergencies such as the earthquake and tsunami warning system (ETWS), Public Safety Networks, only serve the purpose of communicating broadcast messages to public and information sharing among officials. However it is important to also have a reliable communication means between victims in affected areas and the outside world. In 2011, around 29,000 eNBs were damaged during the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which caused network outage and affected communication of safety messages and emergency requests [12]. Problems in wireless networks during disaster scenarios include increase in traffic beyond the networks capacity, physical damage of network components including backhaul, unnecessary handovers due to improper neighbor list and limited availability of human resources [1]. The methods discussed in the paper will address these problems. A Heterogeneous Small Cell Network (HSCN) is one in which there is an umbrella created by the macro cell and small cells are deployed within the region to help fix coverage gaps and capacity needs [14]. The co-ordination of different cells within the same region without interfering is the challenging part of an HSCN. D2D communication is one in which the User Equipment (UEs) can exchange information directly. This paper will start by discussing the architecture of a SON-enabled Disaster Resilient HSCN (DRHSCN). We will discuss how self-configuration of power, automatic neighbor relation (ANR), Physical Cell Identity (PCI), self-optimization of coverage, capacity, mobility robustness and self-healing capabilities help in achieving minimal human intervention during disasters [1]. The next section of the paper will discuss how a multihop D2D communication system realized through smartphones relay can help in disaster resilience [3]. We will then discuss how the current LTE architecture can be made distributed in order to minimize the dependency between User Equipment (UE) and the core network [2]. We will discuss how D2D communication can help in this regard and increase the disaster resilience of an LTE-A network [2]. II. Utilizing SON in DRHSCN The primary purpose for using SON in Disaster Resilient Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks (DRHSCN) is to reduce the operational expenditure (OPEX) and human intervention. The DRHSCN architecture as shown in Figure 1 [1] consists of a macro cell and several small cells (femto cells) within the macro cell. Satellite link provides the backhaul. The SON entity of the network is present on the base station side. The Heterogeneous evolved Node B (HeNB) serves the femto user equipment (FUE) while the macro base station serves the macro user equipment (MUE). Figure 1. Architecture of DRHSCN [1] During disasters, there will need for deployment of new nodes such as cellular on wheels (CoW), adaptation of the existing nodes to the changes, and healing of the nodes that were damaged physically. Self-configuration means a newly added node during a disaster scenario automatically selects the network parameters and schemes such as physical cell ID (PCI), power configurations, neighbor lists and other basic settings needed for proper operation [4]. The newly added nodes are configured into the network and then the existing nodes involve in self-optimizing as a reaction to the environmental changes caused by the disaster. Self-optimization means automatically changing the radio resource management parameters such as power parameters (pilot, control and data), tilt, azimuths, handover management parameters, and others needed to optimize the performance of the network [4]. Self-Configuring new nodes We will discuss the methods for self-configuring the transmit power, physical cell ID and Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) in DRHSCN. Let us assume a new HeNB is entering the network and its boundary ends where the path loss is 2 dB from the HeNB. When it powers on, the HeNB will receive Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements of the macro eNB as well as other HeNBs in the vicinity. Based on this self-discovery, the HeNB will configure a suitable transmit power to mitigate the co-channel interference with the macro or other small cells [1]. A FUE will be covered by the HeNB if Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) from the HeNB is above 3dB. An MUE will be served by the macro eNB if SINR from macro eNB is above 1dB. Based on these assumptions, the self-configuration will make sure that for FUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is below 3dB. For MUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is above 1dB. This way the HeNB cannot affect the MUE outside its boundary [1]. Figure 2. (a) Self-configuration of PCI [1] (b) Self-configuration of ANR [1] A physical cell ID needs to be unique for each cell in its operating area in order to avoid collision and confusion. Since the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS, SSS) are based on the PCI, any collision would result in synchronization problems. There are only 504 possible PCIs [4]. Hence in a dense deployment of heterogeneous networks, it is difficult to guarantee uniqueness. Instead of manually configuring PCI during network planning or randomly selecting a PCI, an automatic PCI selection algorithm [1] as shown in Figure 2a [1] would result in lesser collisions and confusions in a disaster scenario. The HeNB first detects neighbors in its vicinity and composes a deny list. It then requests a reserved list from the SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system. Based on these, an available PCI is selected and confirmed with the OAM. It is a periodic procedure and the HeNB reselects its PCI based on the neighbor PCIs seen in UE measurement repor ts. In order to ensure handovers are managed properly in the absence of human resource during disasters, an Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature should be added. This enables the self-configuration of the Neighbor Relation Table (NRT) and deletion of unnecessary neighbor relations (NR). The algorithm is shown in Figure 2b [1] and is very similar to the PCI selection algorithm. Instead of a PCI list, a neighbor list is composed. The neighbor PCI and Cell Global Identity (CGI) are obtained from the UE measurement reports. ANR reduces the need for handover selection from a long neighbor list by removing unnecessary NR periodically. [1] Self-Optimizing existing nodes Self-optimization in the existing HeNB in DRHSCN is achieved in two ways Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) and Coverage Optimization. In a heterogeneous network, the occurrence of unnecessary handovers due to complex mobility patterns and cell boundaries, results in large consumption of resources which cannot be afforded especially in a disaster scenario. The purpose of self-optimizing handover (HO) parameters is to detect such unnecessary handovers and to avoid them while not compromising on handover failure rate. A Mobility Robustness Optimization algorithm is proposed for a DRHSCN [1]. A cost function is first calculated as a weighted sum of five types of handovers [5]. These include ping-pong handover which return the HO back to the serving cell, early handover when Radio Link Failure (RLF) occurs since the HO was executed earlier than required, late handover when the HO is processed too late which results in RLF, continuing handover when the HO after execution is immediately is handed over to another cell which is not the serving cell, wrong handover when the HO was made to the wrong cell resulting in RLF [6]. In order to optimize the handover process, each HeNB has a timer which starts when handover complete message is received from UE. This timer stops as soon as an RLF occurs or is reported by other eNBs/HeNBs. From the UE status after RLF the HeNB will be able to recognize if it was a late, early or wrong handover, or call drop. Based on the performance metrics collected by a single eNB/HeNB, the parameters are optimized [1]. As shown in Figure 3 [1], the optimized parameters are calculated based on the cost function. This calculation is repeated iteratively after detecting unnecessary, too late, too early and wrong handovers, and fixing the weights of the cost function accordingly. The SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system collects the performance reports. The RLF and unnecessary HO are reduced significantly by the optimization algorithm which will help in efficient handovers during disasters when the HeNB are randomly deployed [1]. Figure 3. Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) [1] Coverage optimization is done by adaptively choosing the cell boundary. This is important in a disaster scenario because fast random deployments of small cells do not take into account the interference caused by the small cells with macro cells which will reduce the performance of the DRHSCN. In the self-configuration phase, we created fixed boundaries based on RSRP measurements of eNB and other HeNBs. This boundary is not realistic since we will deploy small cells indoor such as in buildings. The RSRP measurements of the FUE during the self-optimization phase will help in determining a realistic coverage radius. Large changes in RSRP is observed when the FUE enters or leaves a building due to penetration loss associated with walls. The algorithm given in Figure 4 [1] shows how after self-configuration, either an adaptive or fixed boundary is chosen based on whether a house boundary was got from the decision module. This process is iteratively applied and an optimal boundary is chose n. The performance analysis of the power self-configuration and coverage self-optimization algorithm together shows better macro and small cell coverage. It helps provide better coverage and manage capacity efficiently [1]. Figure 4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization [1] Self-Healing triggered by failed nodes Self-healing is the process of handling the coverage gaps or capacity overloads resulting from the failure due to physical damage of a base station (either macro or small cell) during disasters [1].ÂÂ   Self-healing consists of automatic fault detection, fault classification and cell compensation schemes [7]. Figure 5 [7] shows the flow chart of a self-healing process. Fault classification into degraded (sub-optimal operation), crippled (major faults causing low SINR) or catatonic cells (complete outage) can be done using Bayesian systems to determine type of fault with certain probability [9]. Learning algorithms are important to make the detection more intelligent by having a log of faulty alarm detections. The Trigger Conditions of Self-Healing (TCoSH) satisfy when anomalies occur for a particular duration and cause sufficient performance degradation. The logical steps for self-healing are provided by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in [8]. The compensation scheme s, depending on type of fault, might involve automatic reconfigurations which would direct the neighbors to up tilt antennae, increase power, or enable relay-assisted handover [10]. It is critical to continue monitoring the faulty base station through X2 interface to check if it has recovered, so that neighbors can return to their optimal configurations. Much research is needed in self-healing in terms of the various learning, classification, and compensation algorithms before it can be deployed practically [7]. Figure 5. Self-Healing Process [7] III. D2D communication during disasters In the previous section, we discussed how a SON-enabled DRHSCN implementation can help operate a 4G network reliably and efficiently during disasters. However, we need to note that the dependence on cellular operators networks is high in a DRHSCN. During a disaster, the physical damages caused to the operator network in a significantly large area, are difficult to be handled using self-healing alone. Hence there is a need for a decentralized network architecture as an overlay over DRHSCN that will ensure reliable communication of emergency messages. Figure 6. D2D communication during disasters [3] Access and Network technologies in D2D communication In this sub-section we will discuss a multi-hop D2D communication realized using relay by smartphones [3]. As a minimum requirement, unacknowledged, best effort delivery of small packets of messages such as text, voice should be possible. The types of messages may be emergency communication between affected areas and outside world, broadcast messages to the affected areas, local information sharing within refugee areas, etc. as shown in Figure 6 [3]. The interconnection of the D2D network with the outside world can also be achieved through Satellite, unmanned aircraft system (UAS), etc. [3]. The various technologies that can be used in multihop D2D communication as shown in Figure 7 [3] will be discussed next. Figure 7. Technologies in D2D communication [3] The wireless access technologies need not be limited to one. Multiple technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, LTE-A, WiGig (Wireless Gigabit) can be used based on the environment, data needs, physical distance, spectrum availability. The developments in mobile equipment technologies such as battery technology, antenna design techniques enable the use of various wireless interfaces on a single mobile terminal [3]. Bluetooth, WiFi and Zigbee are used currently. While WiGig has the advantage of being de-centralized and having high speeds (up to 7 Gbps for 60 GHz bandwidth), it is a short range technology (10m). LTE-A has the advantage of having a good channel quality and lesser interference due to a base station acting as controller. To overcome the disadvantage of dependence on operator network during disasters, we will discuss a decentralized D2D communication architecture for LTE-A in the next sub-section. The networking (routing) technologies used in smartphone relay cannot be fixed, like in other multihop communications due to the unpredictable mobility of the terminals. Hence each device selects its own routing method based on its situation. Hence integrating various routing technologies is inevitable. For a stable dense mesh network such as WiFi ad hoc, which is are almost immobile, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) type routing is preferred. MANET sends a message via an established path from source to destination. Delay/disruption-tolerant networks (DTN) is suitable for both single and mutihop communication since it is a network layer technology [3]. For wireless access technologies that work on a single hop such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, DTN-type routing has to perform multihop through various single hops. Since the best type of routing depends on the scenario, implementing a fusion of the two routing types would be the most efficient. Interconnection of the multihop D2D communication system with external networks such as satellite, movable and deployable resource units (MDRU) [11], unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is possible. Longer distance communication with areas not affected by the distance is possible through such interconnection. The gateway between the D2D system and outside networks filters out redundant messages received from DTN type routing which tends to send duplicates [3]. The gateway should advertise its presence so that the terminals can direct their messages to it. For certain applications, it is important to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Hence a security functionalities are added. In order to ensure that all types of smartphones can participate in the D2D communication, all operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows, etc.) should be compatible. In order to ensure independency from cloud services, it is suggested that the terminals have a mutihop D2D mode for emergency purpose s. In [3], a prototype based on fusion of MANET and DTN routing technologies was developed and its performance was tested to be good. D2D communication enabled decentralized LTE-A architecture The dependencies between the UE, eNB and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) reduce the resilience and flexibility of a 4G network. We will discuss a D2D enabled LTE-A architecture that will reduce this dependency [2]. The EPC is an all-IP core network that performs the access control, authentication, etc. Failure of any entity within the EPC can cause a cascading effect and might take long time to fix. A novel software architecture, which virtualizes certain fundamental EPC services and resource management functions within the eNB to reduce the dependency between the eNB and EPC is proposed in [2]. A new component called Flexible Management Entity (FME) is suggested to be added to the architecture. The eNB along with the FME which includes the virtual EPC entity would now be called the Hybrid eNB (HYeNB). The detailed design and distributed protocols associated with the FME are discussed in [2]. Wired or wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16, optical, satellite networks, etc. are used to maintain connection between HYeNB and physical EPC. While the above virtualization creates a distributed architecture between the eNB and the EPC, we will discuss about how the dependency between UE and the Radio Access Network (RAN) can be reduced in LTE-A by deploying D2D feature that was introduced in Release 12 of 3GPP [13]. The D2D communication is discovered, established and maintained without any interference from eNB or EPC. The uplink channels PUCCH, PUSCH and PRACH are used for the initialization and operation of the D2D protocol. A D2D communication can be set up within the UEs in the network when needed either using the D2D-Agent present inside the FME, or the UEs can establish the D2D communication independent of the HYeNB. When connection with eNB is lost for a Time of Interruption (ToI), a selected UE (b-UE) will take up the role of D2D-A. The b-UE will establish, manage and coordinate the D2D network. It is necessary to have ToI to avoid ping-pong effect. The multiple access scheme used by such a b-UE is Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to less interference and battery consumption [2]. Figure 8. Handshake messages when UE joins a D2D network [2] All UEs which lost connection with HYeNB for ToI is allowed to consider transmitting direct beacon frames (D-beacons). But before a UE transmits D-beacons, it will listen to the channel for at least two D-beacon time intervals (TD) (time between two beacons which can be any multiple of frame duration 10 ms) to see if any other UE is already the b-UE. If after two TD, no beacon was received, the UE becomes b-UE and starts broadcasting the D-beacons with information such as D2D network ID, identification of UEs in the network, etc. on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). PUCCH is also used by b-UE to reply to UE network association requests as shown in Figure 8 [2].ÂÂ   The network joining procedure is same as the four-way handshake that occurs during LTE random access. There are 64 Zadoff Chu preambles from which the UE who wishes to join chooses from to minimize contention. The contention resolution scenario involves the b-UE sending response based on the UE ID in the D2 D network. The UE which did not receive a response backs off. The random access operations are performed using the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). The response which is usually sent on Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in traditional LTE, should be sent on PUCCH by the b-UE. Reserved slots in the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) are used for the third message (association request). PUSCH is also used for data and voice transmission. The resources reservation for data and voice takes place between peer UE and does not need b-UE involvement. [2] The UEs will continue search for synchronization signals and Master Information Block (MIB) on Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) to see is the HYeNB has been reconnected. Once reconnected, the resources allocated to the D2D network will be given up [2]. IV. Conclusion A SON-enabled DRHSCN and D2D communication enabled LTE-A are two technologies that will greatly increase the robustness and resilience of existing cellular networks as well as future 5G networks during disasters. The two methods can be implemented as an overlay by introducing D2D communication within a Heterogeneous network. The multihop smart phone relay using a multiple wireless access and a fusion of routing technology when applied to the D2D network, create another layer of resilience. These methods achieve the primary goal of making the network self-reliant and distributed so that communication can be established even when any part of the network is damaged by disaster. The future 5G architecture can be made disaster-resilient from the start if the proposed methods are taken into account even during standardization. By extending the proposed D2D protocol into Internet of Everything (IoE), we will be able to send emergency messages not only to humans but also to trains, cars, etc . to prevent major accidents. V. References H. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Q. Hu, Y. Qian, Self-organization in disaster-resilient heterogeneous small cell networks, IEEE Network, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 116-121, 2016. K. 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